The other shows him resurrecting two lovers after a Jewish king agrees to convert to Islam. At the time, Gruber says, there were no negative reactions to these depictions. It's wrong to say that depictions of Prophet Muhammad are only accepted by Shiites. Because many of the images of Muhammad originated in Persian or Turkish regions, "individuals [say] that there are no images of the Prophet in Islam," Gruber explains, "and if we see them, they're 'Persian' or 'Shiite,' and so they don't count.
That argument basically says "that Persian art isn't Islamic art, and Shiism isn't Islam," neither of which are correct. Gruber points out that at certain periods, Iran and the Ottoman lands had Sunni rulers, and some of those illustrations were sponsored by "vehemently Sunni patrons.
Islamic texts actually tell us what Prophet Muhammad looked like. Gruber says the issue goes back to what the Koran says about worshipping idols. Islamic tradition or Hadiths, the stories of the words and actions of Muhammad and his Companions, prohibits images of Allah, Muhammad and all the major prophets of the Christian and Jewish traditions.
More widely, Islamic tradition has discouraged the figurative depiction of living creatures, especially human beings. Islamic art has therefore tended to be abstract or decorative. Shia Islamic tradition is far less strict on this ban.
Reproductions of images of the Prophet, mainly produced in the 7th Century in Persia, can be found. The Swedish artist sketched the Prophet Muhammad's head on a dog's body. Published in , the cartoon offended many Muslims. Vilks died, along with two police officers, when their car collided with a lorry.
The Swedish police say there is nothing to suggest that anyone else was involved. There were widespread protests across the Muslim world in after the Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, published 12 cartoons showing Muhammad, with an editorial criticising self-censorship. Many Muslims found the cartoons insulting and an expression of what they saw as a growing European hostility towards - and fear of - Muslims.
The portrayal of the Prophet and Muslims in general as terrorists was seen as particularly offensive. In , Charlie Hebdo's office in Paris was firebombed after it temporarily renamed itself "Charia Hebdo" - a play on "Sharia", or Islamic law - for an issue and invited the Prophet Muhammad to be "editor in chief".
The next year, the satirical magazine published an issue featuring several cartoons that appeared to depict Muhammad naked, amid a global uproar over the release of an anti-Islam film. The question isn't whether the two suspects were in the wrong in attacking the event. They were. But how can the thought of drawing a cartoon be potential grounds for extremist violence? It's not just Muhammad. You won't find a painting, sculpture, or actor depicting Jesus, God, John the Baptist, or any others recognized as holy.
Don't think that means the religion is artless. Instead, Islamic religious art can focus on beautiful calligraphy and rendering of scripture from the Quran, or the beautification of mosques with geometric shapes and patterns. Just look around the Muslim world and the beauty of the mosques and everything. Of course, religious texts are open to interpretation. At one period in history, Hopida said, it was popular to depict Muhammad and other prophets, but veiled, to respect the rule.
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