Synthetic oxygen carriers, such as haemoglobin based oxygen carriers HBOCs or perflurocarbons PFCs , are purified proteins or chemicals having the ability to carry oxygen. Synthetic oxygen carriers appear useful for emergency therapeutic purposes when human blood is not available, the risk of blood infection is high or when there is not enough time to properly cross-match donated blood with a recipient.
However, their misuse for doping purposes carries the risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to various serious side effects e. Homologous blood doping is the transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type.
Although the use of blood transfusions for blood doping dates back several decades, its recent resurgence is likely due to the introduction of efficient EPO detection methods.
In order to further improve detection of abnormal blood profiles, WADA is leading the development of a strategy against doping in sport called the Athlete Passport , which is based on following athlete's biological variables over time.
Like the other forms of blood doping, transfusions have serious medical consequences. An athlete uses his or her own blood, can put themselves at significant health risks if the procedure is not done properly or if the blood is not handled or stored in a proper manner.
In addition, unnaturally high red blood cell levels increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary or cerebral embolism. Skip to main content. Amphetamines have been linked with increased risk of seizures, heart attacks and sudden death along with many other effects, and therefore have been banned for use both in sport and also are illegal for personal use as well. Stimulant drugs are the second largest class of banned drugs on the WADA Anti-Doping Code, and are also routinely tested for in elite athletes Hormones The endocrine system is the system in the human body that produces and regulates hormones.
Hormones are responsible for almost every bodily function including muscle development and growth. Several hormones have been discovered which function to increase protein production and therefore are involved in increasing muscle mass. Hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone hGH have been used by athletes in an attempt to increase muscle mass and definition.
While some of these therapies have been successful previously, they are also associated with severe health effects such as low blood sugar, fluid overload and limb swelling, overgrowth of bone and heart attacks. Due to these and many other dangerous health effects, these substances are also listed on the Anti-Doping Code. As oxygen one of the basic nutrients for all cells, increased oxygen delivery to tissues can improve endurance and athletic performance.
Athletes have attempted to achieve this goal in many ways. Some athletes will have their own blood drawn months in advance of a competition, only to be re-transfused into the same athlete just prior to the competition to increase their blood volume and the amount of oxygen in that blood during the competition.
Overall, increased red blood cell volume ensures increased oxygen delivery to cells, and likely improved endurance. However, the body is quite sensitive to such changes, and as the volume of blood increases, the blood thickens, increasing the risk of high blood pressure, strokes, heart attacks, and sudden death. Summary Hundreds of drugs and methods have been used in doping for the purpose of sports performance enhancement.
While this practice has been around for centuries, it is still prevalent in sports competitions at all levels. Many concerns with athletes are usually two sided and are black and white arguments without much gray area in between.
Most of these issues with sport revolve around the athletes who play them. Such problems that sports spectators argue about are the leagues and athletes choices and if they are beneficiary to the sport that they consume. Many athletes of all levels. Music In Sport Can Music be considered a legal enhancer, increasing mental and physical performance in sport?
This new trend has become a social normality vey quickly as it only developed seriously with the appearance of speakers ,walkman and Ipod. S ocietynaturally assumed that there must have been a benefit as it was becoming a phenominum but is there any.
Doping in sports happens all the time around us whether you want to believe it or not. It is also not occurring just in a few sports it is virtually all of them. It happens from cycling in the Tour de France, the World Series in baseball, and to the Olympics, it happens everywhere. This drug has made its way through the. Introduction Exercise is very important in order to keep fit and healthy.
However, like everything else in life; there are limits and boundaries that should not be crossed. Over the years, gym-goers and professional athletes have started to cross this limit by looking for alternatives for diligence; as a result, they have turned to abusing steroids or blood doping to improve their performance. My research aims to thoroughly explain the differences between anabolic steroids and blood doping.
The reason of me choosing this topic is because I myself am a gym-goer, and I devote myself to maintaining my body and health, hence I would like to learn whether taking these shortcuts are worth the risks or not. Also, due to the rise of famous athletes taking performance enhancers, I would like to ascertain how these enhancers work and how many athletes have managed to deceive drug tests.
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