The centre of the adrenal gland adrenal medulla makes adrenaline. Adrenaline is an example of a hormone that is under the control of the nervous system. Pancreas — an organ of digestion which is inside the abdomen.
It makes insulin, which controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream. It also makes other hormones such as glucagon and somatostatin.
Ovaries — are inside the female pelvis. They make female sex hormones like oestrogen. Testes — they hang in the male scrotal sack. They make male sex hormones like testosterone.
Other lesser known endocrine organs include: Adipose tissue fat tissue — is recognised to be metabolically important. It releases hormones such as leptin, which affect appetite, and is also a site of oestrogen production. Insulin also acts on adipose tissue. Kidneys — produce erythropoietin EPO which stimulates red blood cell production, produce renin which is needed for blood pressure regulation and produce the active form of Vitamin D 1—25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 Gut — an increasing number of hormones in the gut are being researched and being understood to effect metabolism and appetite.
Included are glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP—1 , ghrelin which stimulates appetite, and somatostatin. Problems of the endocrine system Numerous problems can occur in the endocrine system.
Some problems of the endocrine system include: Diabetes — too much sugar in the blood caused by problems with insulin production.
This includes type 1 diabetes deficiency of insulin and type 2 diabetes initially excessive, then deficiency, of insulin. Menstruation abnormalities — irregular menstruation or lack of menstruation. Thyroid problems — when the gland is overactive hyperthyroidism or underactive hypothyroidism. Thyroid nodules are common but thyroid cancers are rare. Parathyroid problems — an enlargement or one of more of the parathyroid glands can lead to high calcium levels in the blood hypercalcemia.
Pituitary adenomas — these are tumours of the pituitary gland that can make too much of a certain hormone or cause deficiencies of hormones. These tumours can be small microadenomas or large macroadenomas. Neuro-endocrine tumours — these are rare to tumours of certain endocrine glands usually the adrenal gland, pancreas or small bowel. These can include too much adrenaline released by the adrenal gland pheochromocytoma , or too much hormone 5—HIAA from a carcinoid tumour which causes diarrhoea and flushing.
Where to get help Australian Pituitary Foundation Tel. Hormones help to control many body functions, such as growth, repair and reproduction. The endocrine system involves many organ systems and hormones, many of which are still being investigated and understood.
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