They are rare, but you can normally find uranium more in closer to the north and south poles. Originally posted by Damsteri :. Thank you guys that helped. Per page: 15 30 Date Posted: 4 Jan, pm. Posts: 4. Discussions Rules and Guidelines. Reducing the tails assay in enrichment reduces the amount of natural uranium required for a given amount of fuel.
Reprocessing of used fuel from conventional light water reactors also utilises present resources more efficiently, by a factor of about 1. The corresponding U 3 O 8 figures are tonnes and tonnes. Note that these figures are generalisations across the industry and across many different reactor types. These various secondary sources make uranium unique among energy minerals. The most obvious secondary source is civil stockpiles held by utilities and governments.
The amount held here is difficult to quantify, due to commercial confidentiality. These reserves are expected to be maintained at a fairly high level to provide energy security for utilities and governments. Military warheads have been an important source of nuclear fuel since Under the programme, enough bomb-grade material for 20, nuclear warheads was eliminated. For more information, see information page on Military warheads as a source of nuclear fuel. Recycled uranium and plutonium is another source, and currently saves about tU per year of primary supply, depending on whether just the plutonium or also the uranium is considered.
For more information, see information page on Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel. Re-enrichment of depleted uranium DU, enrichment tails is another secondary source. There is about 1. Non-nuclear uses of DU are very minor relative to annual arisings of over 40, tU per year.
This leaves most DU available for mixing with recycled plutonium on MOX fuel or as a future fuel resource for fast neutron reactors.
However, some DU that has relatively high assay can be fed through under-utilised enrichment plants to produce natural uranium equivalent, or even enriched uranium ready for fuel fabrication. Russian enrichment plants have treated , tonnes per year of DU assaying over 0. This Russian programme treating Western tails has now finished, but a new US one is expected to start when surplus capacity is available, treating about , tonnes of old DU assaying 0.
Underfeeding at enrichment plants is a significant source of secondary supply, especially since the Fukushima accident reduced enrichment demand for several years. There have been three major initiatives to set up international reserves of enriched fuel, two of them multilateral ones, with fuel to be available under International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA auspices despite any political interruptions which might affect countries needing them.
The third is under US auspices, and also to meet needs arising from supply disruptions. This Russian LEU reserve was established a year later and comprises tonnes of low-enriched uranium as UF 6 , enriched 2. It is fully funded by Russia, held under safeguards, and the fuel will be made available to IAEA at market rates, using a formula based on spot prices. According to international norms, such a 'fuel bank' must be located in a country with no nuclear weapons and be fully open to IAEA inspectors.
The fuel bank will be a potential supply of 90 tonnes LEU as UF 6 for the production of fuel assemblies for nuclear power plants. A formal agreement with Kazakhstan to establish the legal framework was signed in August. A transit agreement with Russia for shipping LEU was also approved. The facility was formally opened at the end of August In September , the IAEA announced that the facility would be operational in , and in November it awarded contracts to Orano and Kazatomprom to supply it.
It comprises up to 60 full containers of the 30B type or later versions. Type 30B cylinders each hold 2. The IAEA bears the costs of the purchase and delivery import-export of LEU, the purchase of equipment and its operation, technical resources and other goods and services required.
Kazakhstan will meet the costs of LEU storage, including payment of electricity, heating, office space and staff costs. The agreement allows for the possible transfer of the LEU fuel bank to another site from the Ulba Metallurgical Plant, and it has a ten-year duration with automatic renewal at the end of this period. In the US government announced plans for the establishment of a mechanism to ensure fuel supply for use in commercial reactors in foreign countries where there has been supply disruption.
The fuel would come from downblending At that point most of the downblending of the HEU had been completed, and the scheme was ready to operate. The AFS comprises tonnes of low-enriched uranium with another 60t from downblending being sold on the market to pay for the work. Additionally, the USA has completed the process of downblending another The t amount is equivalent to about six reloads for a MWe reactor. In addition to the 6. The main unconventional resource for uranium is rock phosphate , or phosphorite, and some 20, tU has been recovered as a by-product of agricultural phosphate production to the s, but it then became uneconomic.
Estimates of the amount available range from 9 to 22 million tonnes of uranium, though the edition of the Red Book tabulates only about 8 million tonnes. World phosphorous pentoxide P 2 O 5 production capacity from about Mt of rock phosphate is about 50 million tonnes per year.
Morocco has by far the largest known resources of uranium in phosphate rock. Rare earth element REE deposits are another such unconventional resource. REEs have unique catalytic, metallurgical, nuclear, electrical, magnetic and luminescent properties, and play a critical role in the application of many modern technologies, including magnetic resonance imaging MRI machines, satellites, batteries, LED screens and solar panels.
China is the leading supplier of REEs, giving rise to commercial pressure for development of deposits elsewhere. REEs are a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the 15 contiguous lanthanides plus the lighter scandium and yttrium. Scandium and yttrium are considered REEs since they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar physical and chemical properties.
REEs are in fact relatively abundant in the Earth's crust, but are rarely found in concentrations that are economically exploitable. REE resources occur in four primary geological settings: carbonatites, ion-absorption clay deposits, igneous systems and monzanite-xenotime placer deposits.
Kvanefjeld in Greenland is the main REE deposit with major potential for uranium production, with Sorensen, Zone 3 and Steenstrupfjeld orebodies in the same Ilimaussac intrusive complex.
Those four deposits have a total of , tU May , JORC-compliant , nearly half of it measured and indicated resources. Greenland Minerals has an agreement with Chinese company Shenghe Resources which would enable development to proceed. Black Alum shales are another unconventional resource with some attempts being made to exploit them. The Red Book tabulates about , tU in Sweden and mentions 24, tU in Finland at the Sotkamo mine of Terrafame Oy, for which the government granted a permit in for uranium recovery by heap leaching.
Today uranium is the only fuel supplied for nuclear reactors. However, thorium can also be utilised as a fuel for CANDU reactors or in reactors specially designed for this purpose. Neutron efficient reactors, such as CANDU, are capable of operating on a thorium fuel cycle, once they are started using a fissile material such as U or Pu Then the thorium Th atom captures a neutron in the reactor to become fissile uranium U , which continues the reaction. Some advanced reactor designs are likely to be able to make use of thorium on a substantial scale.
The thorium fuel cycle has some attractive features, though it is not yet in commercial use. Thorium is reported to be about three times as abundant in the Earth's crust as uranium. For more information, see paper on Thorium. Mineral resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into inferred, indicated and measured categories.
Yea they actually made strategic resources, well strategic. Was to easy to mass armies off one resource and kill everyone. User Info: WarriorBond.
I was going for the bollywood achievement last night, and was intending to just do it as one city, but when I explored to the south of me there were TONS of resources down there.
I couldn't just let Persia come in and grab them, so I ended up founding another city for the sole reason of scooping up all the resources. The benefit of this was my happiness skyrocketed and I got tons of golden ages throughout the game. It cannot be said enough how good golden ages are in this game, it's ridiculous.
Do not ignore your happiness people! One half of theunplayables. User Info: Harvest4. So the resources will eventually die? There is one kind of robber whom the law does not strike at, and who steals what is most precious to men: time.
User Info: Dragon The 2nd part. If the unit that required the resource dies, deleted, upgraded to where they dont use it anymore, you get the resource back.
So if you had 4 Iron's from 1 node. You could build up to 4 swordsman for example. If you dropped back to 3 of em, you would have 1 iron again. CivFanatics Forums. Joined: Aug 4, Messages: 97 Location: Ohio. Is it uncommon that I cannot find any Uranium on the entire map? I am 4 techs away from future tech, , about double the score of second place, but I am about to invade Greece and need to lay a godsmack on the capital where a whole lot of enemy units are lying in wait - it would be a perfect way to begin what may be the final war to bring me to victory!
But for some reason, while every other strategic resource is in double digits, my Uranium count is still one fat goose egg. This is really aggravating. Most of the other civs are in the modern era and wouldn't trade it if they had it - so that's out. My navy isn't good enough to invade another continent, and I'm already fighting a war on two fronts not counting the one I'm preparing to launch.
Any advice? Peaceful Civ , Aug 4, Joined: Oct 1, Messages: 2,
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