There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld. Click here to view videos about Einsteinium. View videos about. Help Text. Learn Chemistry : Your single route to hundreds of free-to-access chemistry teaching resources. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. We welcome your feedback. Data W. Haynes, ed. Version 1. Coursey, D. Schwab, J. Tsai, and R. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions version 4.
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Explore all elements. D Dysprosium Dubnium Darmstadtium. E Europium Erbium Einsteinium. F Fluorine Francium Fermium Flerovium. G Gallium Germanium Gadolinium Gold.
I Iron Indium Iodine Iridium. K Krypton. O Oxygen Osmium Oganesson. U Uranium. V Vanadium. X Xenon. Y Yttrium Ytterbium.
Z Zinc Zirconium. Membership Become a member Connect with others Supporting individuals Supporting organisations Manage my membership. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Youtube. Discovery date. Discovered by. Albert Ghiorso and colleagues. Origin of the name. Einsteinium is named after the renowned physicist Albert Einstein. Melting point. Boiling point. Atomic number.
Relative atomic mass. Key isotopes. Electron configuration. CAS number. ChemSpider ID. ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database.
Electronegativity Pauling scale. Common oxidation states. Atomic mass. Half life. Mode of decay. Young's modulus GPa. Shear modulus GPa. Bulk modulus GPa. Vapour pressure. Temperature K. Pressure Pa. A nanogram is just one billionth of a gram, so these experiments took place on an incredibly small scale. Performing chemistry with einsteinium for the first time, the research team managed to synthesise a chemical compound that included the element in order to examine how it might interact with other elements in a compound.
This was done under the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , which beams high-energy light at chemical compounds to enable their structure to be exposed. You can think of this method as similar to how silhouettes are formed — but on an atomic scale. One big finding was the bond distances between einsteinium atoms and other atoms around it — like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Crucially, the researchers also managed to determine the valence state of einsteinium.
This quantity is of fundamental importance in chemistry, determining the shape and size of the building blocks from which the universe is made. The Oak Ridge nuclear reactor, one of the few that can make einsteinium, and the one that this team used to create it. What Abergel and her team found was that any einsteinium produced was heavily contaminated with californium.
Since californium is element 98, with only one nuclear proton less than einsteinium, this was not totally unexpected, but it meant they needed to change their plans. X-ray crystallography was originally going to be used to find out more about einsteinium's structure. In this method, X-rays are scattered by the crystals to determine their 3D structures, which is why scientists usually rely on it, except it needs a pure sample of the substance in question.
There was obviously a problem with that. The issue of radioactive decay was also in the way. Previously, researchers assumed they could extrapolate certain trends seen in lighter elements to the heavier actinide elements, such as how they absorb light and how the size of the atoms and ions of other elements, called lanthanides, decrease as their atomic numbers go up.
But the new results suggest that extrapolation might not hold true. Radioanalytical work had been done on einsteinium shortly after its discovery in the s, but at the time, little was studied about actinides in general beyond their radioactive properties.
When they finally got back into the lab, most of their sample had decayed. But as with any first step, this one is sure to be followed by strides.
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